Introduction

On the day when the UNESCO Executive Board established World Philosophy Day—a celebration observed on the third Thursday of November since 2002—the Paris Declaration concerning philosophical issues was also approved. Initially, this served as a manifesto from philosophers and prominent figures advocating for the essential presence of philosophy in universities. Over time, it has evolved into an official program of this esteemed organization, clearly stating that every individual, everywhere and at all times, should have the opportunity to engage freely in philosophy. Furthermore, the teaching of philosophy must be preserved or expanded where it exists, established where it does not, and must openly bear the name "philosophy."

The study of philosophy fosters an openness of mind, civic responsibility, understanding, and tolerance in relationships among individuals and groups. Philosophy cultivates the capacity for independent judgment, the ability to compare various arguments, respect for differing opinions, and the art of conversation, adhering solely to the authority of Reason (Ratio). In other words, it is a remarkable tool that enables one to comprehend different worldviews, endowing individuals with genuine freedom of thought, and shaping young minds into free and reflective thinkers capable of resisting various forms of propaganda, fanaticism, and dogmatism that allow no room for doubt.

The teaching of philosophy stimulates the human capacity to judge the universe in light of humanity's place within it. Philosophical culture has a significant influence on the ability to evaluate, critique, and choose between action or inaction, taking responsibility for addressing the pressing issues of contemporary life.

Philosophically oriented courses in economic universities should ensure and develop four fundamental components of higher education:

— Critical thinking;
— Personal self-definition through active civic engagement;
— Cultural awareness;
— Mastery of the foundational theories of scientific inquiry.

The materials in this guide aim to promote the development of these educational components. The authors endeavor to introduce students to a broad panorama of philosophical knowledge. The guide encompasses a range of topics dedicated to the historical evolution of philosophical doctrines, beginning with ancient philosophy and extending to contemporary thought, as well as covering the principal branches of philosophy.

The authors hope that engaging with the educational material will contribute to the intellectual culture and general erudition of students, prompting readers to reflect on "eternal" questions and to more clearly understand and define the principles of their own worldview.

Philosophy emerged as a love of wisdom and continues to represent a free choice of a way of thinking.